Factors that led to decolonization in africa pdf

In the world context, colonialism had very heterogeneous effects, operating through many. Learn about decolonization and independence, 20th century. There were many factors in africa that led to conquest by european countries. Before we narrate the story of colonization of asia and africa by the various european powers, it shall be desirable to have an idea about the factors which facilitated this process. After the war the imperial powers were under strong international pressure to decolonize. School of education, university of nairobi, po box 30197, nairobi, kenya 2.

The impact of the second world war on the decolonization. In the main the following factors contributed to the growth of colonies. International factors changes in the intl distribution of power, military and economic effects of world war ii domestic factors former colonies and most other developing nations choose economic nationalism. This led to the establishment of settlercolonies in algeria, tunisia, south africa, namibia, angola, mozambique, and central african areas like zimbabwe and zambia. The atlantic charter the atlantic charter was a document produced in 1941 that entailed the goals of the allied powers if they should win world war two one of the previsions of that charter was that all people had the right to self determination. The americans had in office during wwii a decidedly anticolonialist president in fdr, and his widow was among the leading voices calling for freedom and self. The decolonization of africa was one of the turning points in the history of the postwar world. Decolonization is the process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country. Elizabeth schmidt, professor of history at loyola college in maryland and dr. Through the process of decolonization that began, in most african territories, at the close. What were the main reasons for decolonizing africa. Britain and france, the main colonial powers in africa, were broke after wwii and simply could not afford to keep their colonies. In 1939, nazi germany initiated the second world war by attacking and invading poland.

What were the factors that led to decolonization following. Colonialism and economic development in africa leander heldring and james a. The former contributed to nkrumahs fall from power in 1966, and the latter to civil war. The end of the colonial period and the establishment during 195776 of all the former colonies as independent states was attributable both to a change in european attitudes toward africa and the possession of colonies and to an african reaction to colonial rule born of the economic and. The decolonisation of africa was one of the historic moment in the history of the postwar world. Etemad 2000 states that decolonization led to emigration of. Decolonization has become one of the major themes in twentiethcentury historiography. Saharan africa to gain independence from european colonial rule. Issues of interest the 15th century marked a significant moment in the history of the world with the birth of renaissance. It captured the imagination of a new generation of idealists who enthusiastically proclaimed their belief in racial equality and individual liberty. She supported decolonization in africa so that at the end she could spread capitalism ideology so as to reduce the spread of.

Nationalism literally refers to the desire,love, or sprite for ones nation. The impact of the second world war on the decolonization of africa. Running a colony was very expensive, and the government didnt always see a strong return on their investment. In southern africa, however, the transfer of power to an african majority was greatly complicated by the presence of entrenched white settlers. Britain, france and the decolonization of africa ucl discovery. Internal factors and external factors for the rise of. World war ii led to decolonization of africa by affecting both europe and africa militarily, psychologically, politically, and economically. The war led to the intensification of exploitation due to the colonial economic policies introduced in the colonies. Through the process of decolonization that began, in most african territories, at the close of world war ii, african leaders gained greater political power under european rule. Colonial economic exploitation led to european extraction of ghanas mining profits to. The nature of colonial economic structure the type of colonial system established in the colony was the major reasons for difference in the struggle for independence e. Decolonization of north africa by france french north africa covered three territories.

Nationalism and decolonization in africa during the cold war. Decolonization and the collapse of the british empire. Nationalism and decolonization in africa during the cold war on april 8, 2008 dr. In extreme circumstances, there is a war of independence. After world war two and the defeat of the axis powers, france and britain controlled most of africa. More often, there is a dynamic cycle where negotiations fail, minor disturbances ensue resulting in suppression by the police and military forces, escalating into more violent revolts that lead to further negotiations until independence is granted.

The three main factors that lead to europeans imperializing africa in the 19th century were economic, military technology, and politics. In a sense, it was at this time that the sun finally did set on the british empire. It means that to some extent, a movement began following wwi and gained momentum after wwii, where people around the world said that people have the right to govern themselves. Southern africa independence and decolonization in. Internal factors and external factors for the rise of african mass nationalism. Several factors combined to reopen the independence debate. Influence of the political factor beyond 2015 mdgs caleb mackatiani 1 mercy imbovah 2 navin imbova 3 d. These old colonial empires knew that decolonization was a possibility, but did not think much of. What are the factors which facilitated the rise of.

The factors that led to the colonization of africa by the. Factors for the growth of african nationalism wattpad. There was widespread unrest and there were organized revolts in both northern and subsaharan. Reasons for the end of imperialism, decolonization and. Decolonization and economic growth 91 not only might such policies be less conducive to growth but a rapid and substantial change in government policy might have increased the costs of these political transformations. The independence of india and pakistan in 1947 encouraged africans also to struggle for political independence. Of particular importance was mahatma gandhis strategy of nonviolence. Discussions tend to concentrate on the causes of decolonization, particularly on the motives and policies of the european powers. The decolonisation of africa took place in the midtolate 1950s to 1975, with sudden and. Discuss the factors that contributed to decolonization in. Gregory mann, professor of history at columbia university, presented summaries of their most recent books cold war and decolonization of guinea, 19461958 2007 and native sons. Southern africa southern africa independence and decolonization in southern africa.

The influence of decolonization in asia also played a big role in the growth of african nationalism. Factors of decolonisation the same broadening of the nationalist movement, also limited in the first place to the middleclass intelligentsia, was to take place in north africa between the wars. Many factors wwii was a major factor in the decolonisation of africa. Between 1945 and 1960, three dozen new states in asia and africa achieved autonomy or outright independence from their european colonial rulers. Eventually the overriding economic factors led to the colonization of other parts of africa. Thus it was the interplay of these economic, political, and social factors and forces that led to. The coming of 1939 war did not hit the africans with the same forces as 1914 which brought about a deep and fundamental change in the relation of the african people with great unknown world.

The following section focuses on national movement activism across colonial africa, and their role in. Economic was one of the important factor for imperialism in africa. The challenge of decolonization in africa benjamin talton temple university. The decolonization of africa took place in the midtolate 1950s to 1975, with sudden and radical regime changes on the continent as colonial governments made the transition to independent states. The two wars were the factors of enormous significance for decolonization of west africa.

Factors which led the scrambled and partition of africa. Western africa decolonization and the regaining of. Lack of common language and nonexistent technology made the continent vulnerable to. Algeria was considered by france to be an extension of its national territory and only obtained its independence after a long, drawnout conflict which lasted 8 years. The following are all the main reasons of why decolonization occurred. In the speech, macmillan clearly indicates the british realization that decolonization was inevitable, calling it a political fact. Hitlers attempted implementation of his version of a master race led to one.

The first world war strengthened the native african resistance movements. European life required material goods, many of which only tropical regions could sup. The liberation of africa from european rule followed on. The colonising countries couldnt afford to maintain presences in the colonised countries. The london activists were better able to sew connections across the oceans than with people in the interior of africa, although the movement led by marcus garvey had some success in port cites. What are the types of decolonization and its forms. Sometimes, a colony may not get full freedom, but may become part of other country or even the part of the country which colonized it. Macmillan also gives reference to the significance of the prior movement in asia, which was of course led by india.

Decolonization is when a colony of any country becomes independent. It occured,most appropriately, as a european political rule in africa was quikly terminating betts,1998,pp. Decolonisation of africa country independence date prior ruling country liberia, republic of 26 july 1847 south africa, republic of 31 may 1910 britain egypt, arab republic of 28 february 1922 britain ethiopia, peoples democratic republic of 5 may 1941 italy libya socialist peoples libyan arab jamahiriya 24 december 1951 britain sudan, democratic. Western africa western africa decolonization and the regaining of independence. Politics of decolonization in french and british west. European powers divided the dark continent like a home made peach pie. The decolonisation of africa in 1945, when the second world war ended, africa had only four independent states. Decolonization, independence, and the failure of politics. Within the span of three decades, most of the countries that had been colonized by european powers became independent. It captured the imagination of a new generation of idealists who declared ther belief in racial equality and individual liberty.

Decolonization of africa 1 decolonization of africa the decolonization of africa followed world war ii as colonized peoples agitated for independence and colonial powers withdrew their administrators from africa. In some, decolonization may result after nonviolent discussion. War ii led to decolonization of africa by affecting both europe and africa militarily, psychologically. The factors which determined the form or methods of decolonization 1. The effects of decolonization in africa world scientific news. When decolonization began, there were reasons for optimism. Before exploring more fully the factors that determined the timing and character. In africa the term nationalism has been used to signify the struggle of independence or self determination against foreign domination in case of europe the term nationalism has been used to signify for national unification in germany and italy and to acquire oversea colonies. Get an answer for discuss the factors that contributed to decolonization in the 20th century. The decolonisation of africa university of south africa. Brief notes on colonialism and imperialism in asia and. Crucial to the process of decolonization of africa was the.